Wednesday, December 31, 2008

Banned words list offers no 'bailout' to offenders - An Excerpt







Banned words list offers no 'bailout' to offenders


By JEFF KAROUB, Associated Press Writer Jeff Karoub, Associated Press Writer – Tue Dec 30, 4:14 pm ET

DETROIT – A movie about a "maverick," his journey "from Wall Street to Main Street," his "desperate search" for a "monkey" and a "game-changing" revelation about his "carbon footprint" probably would make the nation's word-watchers physically ill.

Especially if it were the "winner of five nominations."

All those words and phrases are on Lake Superior State University's annual List of Words to Be Banished from the Queen's English for Mis-use, Over-use and General Uselessness. The 34th version of the list was released Tuesday, which means, "It's that time of year again."

The school in Michigan's Upper Peninsula selected 15 entries from about 5,000 nominations.

Despite the year's economic meltdown (which itself wasn't banished but don't rule it out for next year), the most entries came from the environmental category — for "green" or "going green."

"If I see one more corporation declare itself 'green,' I'm going to start burning tires in my backyard," wrote Ed Hardiman of Bristow, Va., in his submission. Nominators also had their fill of "carbon footprint" — the amount of greenhouse gases an individual's lifestyle produces.

The list wasn't overrun with politics despite the national election — no "change," for instance — but one simply couldn't escape the critics' wrath.

"I'm a maverick, he's a maverick, wouldn't you like to be a maverick, too?" offered Michael Burke of Silver Spring, Md., in his entry for the label embraced by unsuccessful Republican presidential candidate John McCain.

Also knocked was "first dude," a term adopted by Todd Palin, husband of McCain's running mate, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin.

Words related to the economy led to a few meltdowns.

"I am so tired of hearing about everything affecting 'Main Street.' I know that with the 'Wall Street' collapse, the comparison is convenient, but really, let's find another way to talk about everyman or the middle class, or even, heaven forbid, 'Joe the Plumber.'" wrote Stacey from Knoxville, Tenn. She provided only a first name in her bid to eradicate — or at least separate — Wall Street" and "Main Street."

Although this year's sluggish economy and record rise in gas prices may have kept people closer to home, the word coined for it, "staycation," is "idiotic and rootless," says Michele Mooney of Los Angeles.

An emoticon made the list for the first time. The strings of characters used in e-mails and text-messaging commonly represent a face — like ;-) or :-0 — but the school singled out an emoticon heart, formed with a "less than" symbol and the number 3.

"Monkey" was on the list because of what some see as its rampant use as a suffix. "Especially on the Internet, many people seem to think they can make any boring name sound more attractive just by adding the word 'monkey' to it," wrote Rogier Landman of Sommerville, Mass.

The school's annual quest to throw lexicon logs on the fire always gets some end-of-the-year attention for the school in Sault Ste. Marie, the last stop before Michigan's northern border crossing with Canada. But the list is more about letting off steam and offering laughs than performing any verbal vanishing act.

"We get several nominations for the same word or phrase, and we still get nominations for words and phrases that have been on previous years' lists," said university spokesman Tom Pink.

"'At this point in time' was on the first list in 1976 and it continues to be nominated every year. People still hate it."

Think these gendarmes of jargon should "get a life"? Watch it, kiddo. That phrase was banished in 1997.

___

On the Net:

Lake Superior State University's banished words: http://www.lssu.edu/banished


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Under Obama, `war on terror' catchphrase fading


By LOLITA C. BALDOR, Associated Press Writer Lolita C. Baldor, Associated Press Writer – Sun Feb 1, 6:12 am ET

WASHINGTON – The "War on Terror" is losing the war of words. The catchphrase burned into the American lexicon hours after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, is fading away, slowly if not deliberately being replaced by a new administration bent on repairing the U.S. image among Muslim nations.

Since taking office less than two weeks ago, President Barack Obama has talked broadly of the "enduring struggle against terrorism and extremism." Another time it was an "ongoing struggle."

He has pledged to "go after" extremists and "win this fight." There even was an oblique reference to a "twilight struggle" as the U.S. relentlessly pursues those who threaten the country.

But only once since his Jan. 20 inauguration has Obama publicly strung those three words together into the explosive phrase that coalesced the country during its most terrifying time and eventually came to define the Bush administration.

Speaking at the State Department on Jan. 22, Obama told his diplomatic corps, "We are confronted by extraordinary, complex and interconnected global challenges: war on terror, sectarian division and the spread of deadly technology. We did not ask for the burden that history has asked us to bear, but Americans will bear it. We must bear it."

During the past seven years, the "War Against Terror" or "War on Terror" came to represent everything the U.S. military was doing in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as the broader effort against extremists elsewhere or those seen as aiding militants aimed at destroying the West.

Ultimately and perhaps inadvertently, however, the phrase "became associated in the minds of many people outside the Unites States and particularly in places where the countries are largely Islamic and Arab, as being anti-Islam and anti-Arab," said Anthony Cordesman, a national security analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank.

Now, he said, there is a sense that the U.S. should be talking more about specific extremist groups — ones that are recognized as militants in the Arab world and that are viewed as threats not just to America or the West, but also within the countries they operate.

The thinking has evolved, he said, to focus on avoiding the kind of rhetoric "which could imply that this was a struggle against a religion or a culture."

Obama has made it clear in his first days in office that he is courting the Muslim community and making what is at least a symbolic shift away from the previous administration's often more combative tone.

He chose an Arab network for his first televised interview, declaring that "Americans are not your enemy." Before his first full week in office ended, he named former Sen. George J. Mitchell as his special envoy for the Middle East and sent him to the region for talks with leaders.

According to the White House, Obama is intent on repairing America's image in the eyes of the Islamic world and addressing issues such as the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, unrest in Pakistan and India, Arab-Israeli peace talks and tensions with Iran.

Using language is one way to help effect that change, said Wayne Fields, professor of English and American culture studies at Washington University in St. Louis.

"One of the contrasts between the two administrations is the care with which Obama uses language. He thinks about the subtle implications," said Fields, an expert on presidential rhetoric. The Bush administration "didn't set out deliberately to do things that were offensive but they liked to do things that showed how strong they were, and to use language almost in an aggressive sense."

Obama, he said, understands that language and conversation must be worked at and that it's "not just a series of sound bites."

White House officials say there has been no deliberate ban on the war-on-terror phrase. And it hasn't completely disappeared. White House press secretary Robert Gibbs has used the wording in briefings, and it's still in vogue among some in the Pentagon and State Department.

Asked about Obama's avoidance of the phrase, Gibbs said the president's language is "consistent with what he said in his inaugural address on the 20th. I'm not aware of any larger charges than that."

Juan Zarate, who served as the deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism during the Bush administration, said he has seen signs that the new White House is trying to subtly retool the words, if not the war.

"There's no question that they're looking very carefully at all issues related to how the war on terror is packaged, to include lexicon," said Zarate. "All of this is part of an attempt to see how they could at least frame a change in policy even if, at the end of the day, the actual war on terrorism doesn't change all that much."

Tuesday, December 30, 2008

Indonesia's Richest Men List 2008


SUKANTO TANOTO - Singapore Resident

Richest Men List
December 18th, 2008, in Business & Economy, by Patung

The Forbes list of the top 40 richest businessmen sees a downturn in fortunes for Indonesia’s wealthiest.


Sukanto Tanoto heads the 2008 Forbes’ list of Indonesia’s richest men, up from 2nd last year, while Aburizal Bakrie drops from 1st to 9th:

1. Sukanto Tanoto ($2 billion net worth)
2. R. Budi Hartono ($1.7 billion)
3. Michael Hartono ($1.6 billion)
4. Putera Sampoerna ($1.5 billion)
5. Martua Sitorus ($1.3 billion)
6. Peter Sondakh ($1 billion)
7. Eddy William Katuari ($1 billion)
8. Eka Tjipta Widjaja ($950 million)
9. Aburizal Bakrie ($850 million)
10. Murdaya Poo ($825 million)
11. Anthoni Salim ($690 million)
12. Wonowidjojo family (Rachman Halim) ($640 million)
13. Chairul Tanjung ($625 million)
14. Trihatma Haliman ($470 million)
15. Arifin Panigoro ($430 million)
16. Sjamsul Nursalim ($425 million)
17. Mochtar Riady ($420 million)
18. Harjo Sutanto ($340 million)
19. Husein Djojonegoro ($300 million)
20. Soegiharto Sosrodjojo ($275 million)
21. Aksa Mahmud ($260 million)
22. Hary Tanoesoedibjo ($240 million)
23. Garibaldi Thohir ($216 million)
24. Theodore Rachmat ($215 million)
25. Low Tuck Kwong ($214 million)
26. Edwin Soeryadjaya ($210 million)
27. Prajogo Pangestu ($200 million)
28. Paulus Tumewu ($190 million)
29. Jusuf Kalla ($185 million)
30. Tan Kian ($175 million)
31. Sutanto Djuhar ($165 million)
32. Kartini Muljadi ($130 million)
33. Soegiarto Adikoesoemo ($120 million)
34. Alim Markus ($115 million)
35. George & Sjakon Tahija ($110 million)
36. Kris Wiluan ($105 million)
37. Jakob Oetama ($80 million)
38. Hadi Surya ($70 million)
39. Eka Tjandranegara ($60 million)
40. Ciputra ($55 million)

Year on year Indonesia’s wealthiest men saw a sharp downturn in their on-paper fortunes, with their combined wealth falling from $40 billion to $21 billion. Fourteen men or families lost at least half of their fortunes, including ex-billionaires Aburizal Bakrie and Eka Tjipta Widjaja, while only two of the 40 added to their fortunes, but Forbes suggests this was due to improved detective work on their part rather than any appreciation of assets or business success.

The three new-comers to the list, Low Tuck Kwong (Bayan Resources), and Garibaldi Thohir and Theodore Rachmat (Adaro Energy) are all involved in the coal industry. [1]


___________________________________________________________________________________
List of Indonesian Billionaires
March 7th, 2008, in Business & Economy, by Patung

The world’s billionaires, and which Indonesians are among them.

Indonesian citizens who made it onto the Forbes’ “The World’s Billionaires” list, out of a total of 1125 people worldwide: [1]

Sukanto Tanoto (Chinese name - Chen Jianghe), originally from Medan in North Sumatra, and owner of the holding company PT Raja Garuda Mas International (RGM International), leads the Indonesian rankings, as almost always:

* 284th richest - Sukanto Tanoto, aged 58, net worth $3.8 billion, lives in Singapore.
* 605th richest - Michael Hartono, aged 68, net worth of $2.0 billion, lives in Indonesia.
* 605th richest - R Budi Hartono, aged 67, net worth $2.0 billion, lives in Indonesia.
* 652nd richest - Martua Sitorus, aged 48, net worth of $1.9 billion, lives in Singapore.
* 962nd richest - Peter Sondakh, aged 56, net worth of $1.2 billion, lives in Indonesia.

Aburizal Bakrie, who only three months ago was named by Forbes Asia as Indonesia’s richest man, inexplicably didn’t make the cut for this list, and nor did Eka Tjipta Widjaja (Sinar Mas Group), and Putera Sampoerna (Sampoerna Strategic), both of whom were listed as being richer than Martua Sitorus on that previous list.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Singapore none too fussy about the source of wealth in its financial sector

* Michael Backman
July 26, 2006


YOU are an Indonesian businessman. You've bribed a state bank official to give you a $US200 million ($A265 million) loan without sufficient collateral, or a risk assessment, for a business venture you know won't get off the ground.

The authorities have found out and you're facing arrest. You need somewhere to go where authorities can't touch you. So where do you go? The answer is Singapore. Why? Because it is a half-hour flight from Jakarta, or 45 minutes by ferry from the Indonesian island of Batam, and, most importantly, it does not have an extradition treaty with Indonesia.

It is largely ethnically Chinese, just like many of Indonesia's white-collar criminals, if only because Indonesians of Chinese ancestry dominate that country's business sector.

Singapore finally agreed to negotiate an extradition treaty last year after years of Indonesia begging for one. The process has been ridiculously drawn out. At least six rounds of talks have been held. Indonesia is angry and feels that Singapore is being obstructionist. But why should Singapore be slow? Probably because it is a haven for Indonesian crooks on the run, and they bring their money with them. Billions of dollars in corruptly obtained funds have flowed into Singapore's property market and its banks.

It's a sensitive matter because financial services account for 22 per cent of Singapore's economy. You can imagine the situation from Jakarta's point of view. Singapore lectures Indonesia about the importance of the rule of law while giving its criminals a haven.

Despite the billions it gets from Indonesia, it gives back only a fraction in foreign assistance but then decries Indonesia for being insufficiently grateful.

Among the Indonesian crooks and suspects believed to be on the run in Singapore are Bambang Sutrisno and Adrian Kiki Ariawan, who were found guilty of embezzling the equivalent of $US162 million from Bank Surya; Sudjiono Timan, who was convicted of improperly diverting $US120 million from a state-owned investment company; Lidia Mochtar, who is wanted over the embezzlement of $US20 million from Bank Tamara; Agus Anwar, a suspect over $US214 million that's unaccounted for from Bank Pelita; and Pauline Maria Lumowa, who is wanted over $US184 million that's missing from Bank BNI. Others whose whereabouts are unknown are able to safely visit Singapore.

The US doesn't have an extradition treaty with Indonesia but co-operation by US officials saw the fugitive Indonesian David Nusa Wijaya, wanted in connection with embezzlement of about $US140 million, return to Indonesia from San Francisco earlier this year.

The US embassy in Jakarta said at the time: "The US Government understands that returning fugitives and stolen assets from abroad in corruption cases is a top law-enforcement priority in Indonesia."

Singapore argues that because its laws are based on English common law and Indonesian law is based on Dutch codes, the two systems are incompatible, making an extradition treaty difficult.

But that didn't stop India from signing such a treaty with the Philippines in 2004, or Australia from signing one with Indonesia. Fugitive Indonesian banker Hendra Rahardja, who embezzled almost $US300 million, was on the verge of being extradited from Australia in early 2003 when he died of cancer in Sydney. His funds in Australia were frozen and returned to Indonesia.

A corollary of Singapore's reluctance to sign an extradition treaty with Indonesia is its apparent lack of fussiness about the sources of the funds attracted to its banking sector.

Singaporean officials make all the right noises when it comes to monitoring illicit funds. But there is a perception that in practice Singapore is not fully meeting international expectations and obligations. One person involved in monitoring international money flows for a Western government told me last week that the results of Singapore's efforts to date were disappointing.

And a senior fund manager in the region had this to say: "Singapore has truly become the global centre for parking ill-gotten gains. The private banking teams are huge and in practice ask almost no questions (compared with the branches elsewhere, including Switzerland).

"An acquaintance of mine who made $US13 million through a corrupt deal (in Indonesia) was not asked about how he got the money despite obviously having a job that would not have allowed such amounts to have been accumulated. Russians, mainland Chinese and Indonesians are pouring money into Singapore. High-end property has risen 30-50 per cent in the last 18 months or so."

Singapore, he argues, is out of step internationally. He cites a recent case in which even a Swiss bank co-operated with the Indonesian Government in tracking down $US5.2 million in allegedly improper funds deposited by the former head of Bank Mandiri, Indonesia's largest state-owned bank.

Attention is now being turned to China. Singapore is working hard at making itself more attractive to Chinese mainlanders, be they tourists or individuals, with funds to park. Singaporean Government representatives are trawling through China, promoting Singapore over Hong Kong as a safe destination for funds and property investment. Direct flights are being established with regional centres across China. Casinos are being set up. There has even been an influx of mainland Chinese prostitutes into Singapore's quasi-legal sex industry. And there's no extradition treaty, or little chance of one.

Of course, Singapore will argue that it takes money laundering seriously and has all types of detection methods in place. But that is not the point. It's what happens in practice that counts. After all, even Chinese laundries can have window dressing.

Monday, December 29, 2008

Why Religion Is Important



Why Religion is Important
By: Sowmya Nath

Why Religion is Important
This article is not intended to be in favor of one religion or the other. These are merely my thoughts on what I think the benefits are of adhering to a set of beliefs.


All religions attempt to make sense of the world around us, albeit through different views. The world we live in becomes a safer, more trustworthy place. Set aside the idea of God, the story of creation as it is narrated in various faiths and several other fables from holy books for a moment. The common thread among all religions is to do good and to help us understand the consequences of our actions both good and bad. No religion encourages hurting other people (either physically or emotionally) and tries to help us live our lives in a way that would bring joy and contentment. This idea would not stop anyone from carrying out their evil intentions if they wanted to, but it serves as a starting point for those who believe in goodness by giving them a reason to do so.

We learn the joy of giving and caring by helping others, and that we make more friends and few foes when we do so. Such a condition in life free of resentment, misgivings and ill-feelings, gives us much-needed peace and contentment.

A study by the Higher Education Research Institute at the University of California at Los Angeles found that students active in religious organizations along with those who read sacred texts or attend religious services were found to have heightened emotional and mental health. Religious students also proved twice as likely to ward off depression. Researchers believe that religion and spirituality helps these students to keep their goals in sight and work hard without allowing temporary setbacks to get the better of them.

We grow up with countless tales that affirm this idea that our actions always catch up with us (the idea of “karma,” if you will) and we see it played out in our lives and those around us as well. Does it matter how this lesson is taught to us, as long as it is taught? Perhaps all those initiated into any particular religion don’t learn these vital life skills, but faith and spirituality provide a good starting point that facilitate in keeping our priorities in sight.

Religion teaches us honesty, love, kindness and sacrifice and the good judgment to know when to practice them. These virtues give us hope, happiness that comes from a well-balanced lifestyle.

Restraint and moderation also enable us to be healthy by curbing excess. The journal Psychology and Health found that weekly religious service lowers your risk of death by 20 percent. Researchers don’t know the causes behind their findings but believe that perhaps a belief in a higher plan or purpose works as a stress-reliever unburdening individuals of personal responsibility in their destinies.

It could also be the sense of community and belonging that adherents of all faiths get when they attend religious services. But religion, on the whole, allows us to lead well-balanced, wholesome and fulfilling lives. It is only when we compare and argue over minor details of each faith that the problems ensue.

Sunday, December 28, 2008

Mont Kiara And So On


A Mont Kiara Project under construction
Photo credit : Oxymanus


The unique but relatively unknown Capsquare Shopping Mall located at Jalan Dang Wangi : Photo credit - Oxymanus




Today is the 28 December 2008 and it is 4 days to the New Year according to the Gregorian calender. It is also interesting to note that today also marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year Hijri 1430 as soon as dusk emerges.

Muslims believe that we have to recite prayers in the mosque to beg for God's forgiveness in repentance for what we have done in the past year and also to pray for the goodness and wellness of oneself and all fellow Muslims by setting resolutions in a spiritual and behavioral way in a constant manner for everyday of our life in the following months.

I was at the Omar Khayyam Restaurant for dinner when a broadcast was heard over the radio which recited the much anticipated prayers. Was i lucky to be there at the right time but the only difference was that i was not congregating in the mosque as i should have really wanted initially. I already knew about the significance of this special hour as the government television network has been playing several trailers and announcements about this blessed day for the past few days if i can personally remember.

It would have been a great waste not to be able to recite along with the prayers, as it was meant for seeking and making self improvements in terms of deeds and actions for ourselves in the following year to come and to chart a more meaningful course for ourselves by executing and achieving the special goals and accomplishments.Such was the religious significance.

Prior to this evening's divine moment,i have met a friend from Canada who was of Iranian descent at the Capital Square shopping mall in the city while i was doing my photography shooting rounds. He seemed to be a very intelligent and broad knowledged gentleman who has immense traveling experience and is currently pursuing the real estate business.It was a very interesting encounter as we spoke about his professional background and that he is keen to make Malaysia his second home one day when the right opportunity arises where he could use this city as its base for his working operations.

My greatest worry however or should i say "wonder" was how a person like him, whom i believe was born of Muslim parents is now a non believer of his deceased parents'faith. Although he has a Muslim name attached to himself, he seems uncommitted to what i would have considered or claimed, a Muslim person. In other words he is an atheist and God forbids,an apostate,well at least to my pure assumption if i might honestly confirm it.Having born and bred and educated in a Western country truly has changed his whole life as far as i could feel. When i asked him if he ever knew how to recite some of the Quranic verses or at least knew anything about the religion of Islam, he was quick to reply the opposite in the most unbelievable and peculiar way.I was dumbfounded but not provoked and decided to abandon the discussion pertaining to the topic of religion as it is presumably sensitive or taboo to his liking based on the answers that he has relegated.

I later invited him to follow me to continue with my photo shooting sessions at Mont Kiara,where the property development activity there i heard is at its culminating stage.Thank goodness that the traffic over that side was an ease of flow and order.The weather was exquisitely fine and my pictures actually bloom with perfection to my utmost personal delight and satisfaction.It was a worthwhile trip,as i have never been to this part of suburbia Kuala Lumpur especially visiting the "Solaris" dubbed the singular star attraction of the property development scene there.

It has been a beautiful Sunday indeed !
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What is MM2H ? (Excerpt From secondhome-malaysia.com )

Malaysia My Second Home Programme (MM2H)

The Government of Malaysia has designed ‘Malaysia My Second Home Program’as an attractive settlement plan and welcomes people from countries all over the world, who meet certain criteria to live in Malaysia on as Social Visit Pass with a Multiple Entry Visa.

The Social Visit Pass is initially for a period of ten (10) years (depending on the validity of the applicants’ passport) and is renewable.

The Malaysia My Second Home Program is open to citizens of countries regardless of race, religion,gender or age.This program allows applicants to bring with them their spouses and children who are unmarried and below the age of 18 years old.

Eligibility

The main criteria for application are as follows:

Financial Requirements
Age below 50 years old
Place a fixed deposit account of RM300,000 (USD82,000) with any bank in Malaysia.

AND

Show proof of monthly off-shore income of RM10,000 (USD2,700) (e.g. payment slip, bank statement, income tax statement, etc)
After a period of one year, the participant can withdraw up to RM240,000 (USD65,000) for purchase of houses, medical expenses or children’s education.
Age 50 years old and above
Can either choose to:

Place a fixed deposit account of RM150,000 (USD40,000) with any bank in Malaysia

OR

Show proof of monthly off-shore income of RM10,000 (USD2,700) (e.g. payment slip, income tax & bank statement, etc)
After a period of one year, the participant can withdraw up to RM90,000 (USD25,000) for purchase of houses, medical expenses or children’s education.

Applicants must maintain a minimum balance of RM60,000 in the fixed deposit account from the second year onwards and throughout their stay in Malaysia under this programme.

Note: Successful applicants need to open their fixed deposit accounts in Ringgit Malaysia (RM).

Saturday, December 27, 2008

2009 to Arrive Not a Second Too Soon


2009 to Arrive Not a Second Too Soon

By Joe Rao
SPACE.com Skywatching Columnist
SPACE.com joe Rao
space.com Skywatching Columnist
space.com – Fri Dec 26, 11:33 am ET


Wait a second. The start of next year will be delayed by circumstances beyond everyone's control. Time will stand still for one second on New Year's Eve, as we ring in the New Year on that Wednesday night. As a result, you'll have an extra second to celebrate because a "Leap Second" will be added to 2008 to let a lagging Earth catch up to super-accurate clocks.

By international agreement, the world's timekeepers, in order to keep their official atomic clocks in step with the world's irregular but gradually slowing rotation, have decreed that a Leap Second be inserted between 2008 and 2009.

The extra second, ordered by the world's nominal timekeeper, the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, will be marked officially at the stroke of midnight on Wednesday in Greenwich, England, the home of what is popularly known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) – Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to the more technically inclined – the standard time for the planet.

So at precisely 23:59:60 at Greenwich, England, on New Year's Eve, there will be a one-second void before the onset of midnight and the start of the New Year. Wednesday will see the 24th Leap Second that has been needed since the practice was initiated in 1972, and will be the first in three years.

Keeping the Earth on time

Around the world, to satisfy the requirements of navigators, communication organizations and scientific groups, about 200 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide will be adjusted at local times corresponding to midnight to local times at Greenwich. On New Year's Eve, the master clock at the United States Naval Observatory will be adjusted at 6:59:60 p.m. EST, or 23:59:60 GMT.

The extra second is needed to keep the world's clocks in time with the rotation of the planet. Time measured by the rotation of the Earth is not uniform when compared to time kept by atomic clocks. Today's atomic clocks have an inaccuracy of less than one second in 200 million years.

But for various reasons – the sloshing molten core, the rolling of the oceans, the melting of polar ice and the effects of solar and lunar gravity – our planet rotates on its axis at irregular rates, and on average has been falling behind atomic time at a rate of about two milliseconds per day. It now trails the official clock by about six-tenths of a second.

As a result of this difference, atomic clocks can get out of sync with the Earth and periodically have to be adjusted. Since it's the atomic clocks that are used to set all other clocks, a Leap Second has to be added from time to time to make up the difference.

Adding the extra second between 23:59:59 on Dec. 31 and midnight on Jan. 1 will put Mother Earth about four-tenths of a second ahead of the clock, giving her a bit of a head start as 2009 begins.

Who said chivalry is dead?

How to see and hear the extra second

Today many retailers market radio clocks as "atomic clocks"; though the radio signals they receive usually come from true atomic clocks, they are not atomic clocks themselves. Typical radio "atomic clocks" require placement in a location with a relatively unobstructed atmospheric path to the transmitter, perform synchronization once a day during the night-time, and need reasonably good atmospheric conditions to receive the time signals.

If you own such a device, you might want to watch what your clock displays just before 0 hours GMT, Jan. 1, which corresponds to 7 p.m. Eastern standard time on Dec. 31. The minute beginning at 6:59 p.m. EST will contain 61 seconds. When a Leap Second was added in 2005, I watched my own clock closely during that minute as the seconds ticked off. When the final second of that minute was reached, the number "59" flashed not once, but twice!

If you don't have a radio clock, you can bring up a time display on your computer by going to: http://nist.time.gov/.

You can also listen for the Leap Second by tuning in to a shortwave time signal station. In North America, the "extra tick" can be heard by listening either to station WWV out of Fort Collins, CO (see: http://tf.nist.gov/stations/wwv.html) at 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 megahertz or CHU in Ottawa, Canada (see: http://tinyurl.com/y2wa2y) at 3330, 7335, and 14670 kilohertz. A listing of shortwave time signal stations for other parts of the world can be found here.

Should you encounter poor reception, try preparing a seconds pendulum by hanging a small weight on a string about 39.1 inches (99.3 centimeters) in length. Adjust the string length beforehand until the swings exactly match the time signal ticks. If the beeps denoting the start of each minute occur at the left extreme of a swing before the final (GMT) minute of 2008, they will be heard at the right extremes thereafter. (Although the swing amplitude will be steadily dying down, this does not affect a free pendulum's oscillation period.)

Ball Drop too early?

By the time the transition from 2008 to 2009 arrives in North America the Leap Second will have already been inserted into the world's timescale.

But there was a bit of confusion about all this back in 1972 when the first Leap Second to be inserted on a New Year's Eve took place. An astronomer at New York's Hayden Planetarium took a phone call that day from the engineer who was assigned to drop the famous illuminated ball in Times Square (in those days, the ball was slowly lowered using an old fashioned rope and pulley). "This can affect my job," he reportedly said. "So I want to be sure I don't drop that thing one second too soon!"

Regardless of how you use your extra second, just keep this one indisputable fact in mind: Whenever you note the time on the clock, realize that it is now – right now – later than it has ever been.

Happy New Year !

Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for The New York Times and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, New York.

Usury - The Bible Version ( An Excerpt)



No Usury to God�s People

Exodus 22:25 says, "If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury."

Leviticus 25:35-38 is more specific. It states that we are to relieve our poor brethren, taking no usury or increase from them. Verse 37: "Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase." Why? Verses 38-39, because God brought Israel out of Egyptian slavery. Therefore, we are not to put our brothers into slavery to us. There is to be no increase at all when we loan to our brethren.

You May Lend With Usury to Strangers

However, Deuteronomy 23:19-20 adds another dimension: "Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of anything that is lent upon usury. Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thy hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it."

Who is your stranger? Who is your brother? In the physical nation of Israel, the Israelites were brothers and Gentiles were strangers. Today, it applies in the spiritual sense: fellow believers are brethren and non-believers are strangers.

Lending can be a blessing, Deuteronomy 28:12, and borrowing a curse, Deuteronomy 28:43-44. Those who are blessed of God will be lending interest-free to their brethren, and even at times with usury to strangers.

Proverbs 28:8, "He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor." Even though some pray and fast, and seem to be following God, they exact all their labor, Isaiah 58:3.

Because people have transgressed God�s laws, the land shall be utterly emptied and spoiled, "as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him" Isaiah 24:1-6.

Usury creates ill feeling: "I have neither lent on usury, nor men have lent to me on usury; yet every one of them doth curse me" Jeremiah 15:10.

A mark of a just man is one that "hath not oppressed any, but hath restored to the debtor his pledge, hath spoiled none by violence, hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment; He that hath not given forth upon usury, neither hath taken any increase, that hath withdrawn his hand from iniquity, hath executed true judgment between man and man" Ezekiel 18:7, 8, and also 16-17.

Contrariwise, a mark of an unjust man is one that "hath given forth upon usury, and hath taken increase: shall he then live? he shall not live; he hath done all these abominations; he shall surely die; his blood shall be upon him" Ezekiel 18:13.

In Ezekiel 22, those that have taken usury and increase (verse 12) are placed in the same category as Sabbath breakers, adulterers, those that engage in bribery, and extortion.

Jesus told the publicans to "exact no more than that which is appointed you" Luke 3:12-13.

Does God Require Interest?

The parable of the talents (Matthew 25) and pounds (Luke 19) show the Lord telling the wicked servant, who did nothing with what was given to him, "Thou oughtest therefore [at least] to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury" Matthew 25:27, and "Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury?" Luke 19:23. Modern translations render "usury" as "interest."

Does this mean that God requires interest? In the spiritual sense, yes indeed! The "talents," spiritual gifts given to us from God, are not given for nothing. He expects a return on His investment. God has chosen us and ordained us that we should go and bring forth fruit that remains and lasts, John 15:16.

Mortgage Usury Produces Bondage

Peloubet�s Bible Dictionary, article "Usury" states that the "practice of mortgaging land, sometimes at exorbitant interest grew up among the Jews during the [Babylonian] captivity in direct violation of the law [of God]."

Nehemiah 5:1-13 shows the effect of mortgage usury. Some of the Jews who returned from captivity, had mortgaged their property so that they could buy corn during a drought, and others had borrowed money to pay the King�s tribute, with their property held on mortgage. Those under the yoke of mortgage were under bondage and many had lost their property. Truly as Proverbs 22:7 says, "the borrower is servant to the lender."

Nehemiah was angry when he heard about this. He said "ye exact usury, every one of his brother" Nehemiah 5:7. Calling an assembly to stop this practice, Nehemiah demanded the restoration of foreclosed property, the 1% interest on money charged, along with the produce counted as interest. To do these things to the brethren is a great sin! There should be no increase required.

Is a Little Interest Not Usury?

There are some who say that God only condemns excessive interest. Until recently, laws of several states forbid interest rates above 12%. Anyone who charged more was guilty of "usury."

Even Adam Clarke in his famous Bible Commentary agrees with this view. In his note under Exodus 22:25 he states, "It is evident that what is here said must be understood of accumulated usury, or what we call �compound interest� only; and accordingly neshech is mentioned with and distinguished from tarbith and marbith . . . . �interest� or �simple interest� . . . . Perhaps usury may be more properly defined �unlawful interest,� receiving more for the loan of money than it is really worth and more than the law allows."

Strong�s defines tarbith as "multiplication; i.e., percentage or bonus in addition to principal; increase, unjust gain." The related word marbith can mean "increase, or "interest on capital." Tarbith and marbith do not have the bite or sting as does nashak interest. Tarbith is used along with nashak (usury) in Leviticus 25:36, Proverbs 28:8, Ezekiel 18:8, 13, 17 and 22:12, as is marbith in Leviticus 25:37. The point Clarke misses is that God condemns them both! Any interest or increase from your brother is wrong. However, as we have seen, it is permissible to charge interest to outsiders.

Lend to Your Brother


Because interest or any gain cannot be exacted from one�s brethren, the tendency might be not to lend them anything at all. God commands us to lend to our brethren when they are in need.

Deuteronomy 24:10-13 assumes we will loan [nashak] things to our brethren. When we do, we must not take as pledge anything away from them that will leave them destitute. There is also a responsibility on the borrower to give of some of his time and energy in helping the lender out of thankfulness for the loan.

Deuteronomy 15:1-18 describes the year of release. Every creditor that lends (the word is nashak, "takes usury") unto his neighbor or his brother shall release it at the end of every seven years. If the loan is to a foreigner, it may be exacted again. Verses 7-11 command us to liberally lend to our brethren sufficient for their need, not thinking that we shouldn�t give him anything because the seventh year release is near. This statute adds another dimension to the Bible�s lending law: No loan with a brother is to be for more than a seven year period. It is to be released at the end of the seventh year.

See also Nehemiah 10:31.

A System of Slavery


Debt usury is one of the vilest forms of slavery. Every one that had a creditor (nashak) joined themselves with David, I Samuel 22:1-2. The widow with the oil begged Elisha to help her pay her dead husband�s creditor lest her two sons be taken as bondmen, II Kings 4:1-7.

David prayed that the extortioner (usurer) would seize all that his wicked enemy had, Psalm 109:1-20. On the other hand, God said in a vision to David that his enemy would not exact (extract usury) upon him, Psalm 89:18-24.

The Eternal said to rebellious Judah, "Where is the bill of your mother�s divorcement, whom I have put away? or which of my creditors is it to whom I have sold you? Behold, for your iniquities have ye sold yourselves, and for your transgressions is your mother put away" Isaiah 50:1.

Debt Money the Foundation of Today�s Society

Like Israel of old, today�s Israel has likewise sold herself to her creditors. Interest and debt is the foundation of this world�s economic system, especially the Western world.

Many books and articles have been written about the Federal Reserve system, the Illuminati, the Bilderbergers, Council of Foreign Relations, Tri-Lateral Commission, Rockefeller�s and Rothschild�s, the big bankers who control most of the world through debt money. An excellent simplified short booklet is "Billions For the Bankers � Debts for the People. How Did It Happen?" by Sheldon Emry.

Article 1 of the United States Constitution states that "Congress shall have power to coin money and regulate the value thereof." Instead, since the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, Congress has abdicated this power to a private corporation of bankers, the "Federal" Reserve. No new money ever comes into the economic system without interest and debt.

Here�s how it works: If the Federal Government spends more money than it takes in, say $1,000,000, Congress authorizes the Treasury Department to print $1,000,000 in Federal Reserve notes, which are delivered to the Federal Reserve, which pays the cost of printing, perhaps only $500. The Government receives the paper money in exchange for its agreement to pay it back � with interest.

The government spends the money into circulation which eventually ends up in the hands of banks in the form of deposits. Then the banks of the Federal Reserve System can lend out another $10,000,000 to private and commercial customers with interest. They are required to keep only 10% as reserve. The Federal Reserve Board sets the interest rate charged to the citizens. Neither the chairman nor any of the Reserve Board members are elected. They are appointed by the President. This is an example of how the evil system of usury (debt money) works.

Righteous Lend � At No Interest!

Unlike the usurers who are in charge of this world�s economic system, the righteous will mercifully lend to those in need, expecting no gain or interest. Psalm 37:21, 26 (Living Bible): "Evil men borrow and �cannot pay it back�! But the good man returns what he owes with some extra besides . . . . the godly are able to be generous with their gifts and loans to others, and their children are a blessing." Psalm 112:5, "A good man shows favor, and lends."

Luke 6:27-38 outlines the basic instructions regarding lending: Give to every man that asks of you. If you lend to them of whom you hope to receive, you haven�t performed an act of mercy. As you are merciful to others, God shall be merciful to you. Matthew 5:42, "Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away." Matthew 6:12, "And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors." Luke 11:4, "And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us." The parable of the unjust steward, Luke 16:1-12, doesn�t show that it is all right to cheat, but that we ought to be faithful in even the little things.

Let us not be like the unmerciful servant, who was forgiven by his master for a huge debt, and refused to forgive a fellowservant who owed him a small debt, Matthew 18:23-35.

Luke 7:41-43 shows that those who are forgiven the most should be the more thankful.

People in Jesus' time tried to get out of debt falsely, saying that unless they swore by the gold of the temple, they didn�t owe a debt, Matthew 23:16.

Those who have pity upon the poor are in reality lending to the Eternal. He will repay them for sure, Proverbs 19:17.

Avoid Debt, or Being Surety For Someone Else�s Debts

Proverbs 22:26-27, "Be not thou one of them that strike hands, or of them that are sureties for debts. If thou hast nothing to pay, why should he take away thy bed from under thee?" See also Proverbs 20:16, 17:18, 6:1-2, 11:15. Judah was surety for Benjamin, Genesis 43:9, 44:32. Job was so down and out that nobody would loan him anything, Job 17:3. We need God to be our surety, Psalms 119:122.

Against Man�s Law Not to Have Interest!

Suppose a Christian brother has a house that he wants to sell to another believer. Attempting to follow God�s law, he wants to sell it under a "no interest" contract. Does the U.S. Internal Revenue Service accept zero interest loans? Believe it or not, NO!

One can initiate a zero interest real estate contract, but the Internal Revenue Service will impute "unstated interest." Recently, the imputed interest rate was ten percent. That is, if you sold a $50,000 house at no stated interest rate and the buyer makes $500 per month payments, you would have to declare interest income at 10% annual rate on the unpaid principal balance.

The Internal Revenue Service under Section 483 of the tax code, says that when there is no stated interest or unreasonably low interest, then in reality there is "interest" that is unstated. Unless one charges the statutory minimum interest rate (recently, 10%) the Internal Revenue Service says you must impute interest up to the minimum. Our whole society is based upon interest. It is illegal NOT to charge interest in today�s society!

Few real estate agents have ever heard of the law forbidding true "no-interest" loans. The fact that such a law exists shows the utter degeneracy of our debt-money society.

Relieving Our Spiritual Debts


Romans 4:4, "Now to him that worketh [tries to gain salvation by works] is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt."

Galatians 5:3, "For I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law."

Romans 1:14-15, "I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also."

Romans 8:12, "Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh." Instead, we must be led by the Spirit, verse 14.

The Macedonian and Achaian churches made "a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are. For if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things" Romans 15:26-27.

We have great spiritual debts that must be paid. Our sins have produced a great liability, or debt: death for all eternity. Unless the penalty is paid, our life will be forever quenched. But, praise the Almighty! The Savior died to set us free from our debt to sin. He rose that we might have a new life free of debt to sin and Satan.

God will forgive us of our debts only as we forgive our debtors, Matthew 6:12. We cannot expect the Eternal to forgive us our debts if we are guilty of usury. Psalms 15 answers the question: who shall dwell in the Lord�s holy hill? He that walks uprightly, does not backbite or do evil to his neighbor, keeps his promises even to his own hurt, puts not his money to usury, nor takes from the needy. He that does these things shall never be moved.

NOTE: We recommend that you obtain the booklet, "Billions For the Bankers: Debts For the People" by Sheldon Emry, by sending $1.50 to: America�s Promise Ministries, P.O. Box 157, Sandpoint, Idaho 83864. W

St Petersburg Times Excerpt - Cuba slowly adapts to changing outside world


Photo credit : www.transnico.com - Havana City

Photo credit : flikr - '53 Chevrolet

By David Adams, Times Latin America Correspondent
In print: Saturday, December 27, 2008

It may not be apparent at first glance, but tourism and the Soviet Union’s collapse have brought many changes to Cuba in the past two decades.


HAVANA — My first impression of Havana, arriving on a Soviet jet from war-torn Nicaragua in December 1988, was distinctly gray — drab streets of faded mansions and a population hunkered down in the midst of the Cold War.

The island was celebrating the 30th anniversary of the revolution that brought Fidel Castro to power. Fidel was only 62 and still in his prime. As usual he made one of his stem-winding two and a half hour speeches about the virtues of the revolution and socialism. "Those who dream that the revolution will someday be defeated are fooling themselves," he said.

This Jan. 1, Cuba's 50th anniversary, has a different feel. While Cuba's history over the last half century is often depicted as a country stuck in a communist time warp, I find myself focusing on how much has actually changed.

Castro's 30th anniversary speech was one of the last times he would be able to bask in past triumphs. Within months, the revolution was facing its biggest threat since the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 seemed to signal the death knell for Cuban communism. A year later, Castro's anniversary speech was all about "rectification" of past mistakes, the need to raise milk production and build a tourist industry.

One of my main recollections from that first visit was the way Cubans in the street were questioned by police if they were seen talking to foreigners. I remember a young Cuban man telling me not to worry when a policeman approached us. He flicked open his wallet revealing a prominently displayed photo of Fidel. That was his ruse to avoid suspicion. He later spent several hours explaining to me the essential survival code, what Cubans call the doble cara, or literally the "two-faces" they wear: one a pro-revolutionary disguise for dealing with the state, another for friends and family.

In those days there were barely any tourists, except for visitors from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Cubans craved contact with the outside world. An economic embargo — still in place today — kept American tourists away.

A young dancer, who lived only a few steps from the University of Havana where Fidel launched his political career, begged me to marry her so she could emigrate. I declined. A while later I learned she was living in Scotland.

Back then hotels were very simple and food was dull. I stayed at the Havana Libre hotel in the Vedado district (the former Hilton) where even the fruit juice served at breakfast was imported. I wondered why such a fertile country had such trouble growing its own food.

The fall of the Soviet Union shook Cuba to the core. In a matter of months Cuba's economy shrunk 35 percent. It seemed impossible that Cuba could resist a tropical version of perestroika's bold economic reforms.

A joke at the time told how Fidel's favorite barber one day asked the Cuban leader for his opinion on perestroika. Castro rebuffed him. On Fidel's next visit, the barber asked again and Fidel still refused to answer. The next time he asked, Fidel grew angry and demanded an explanation. "When I ask about perestroika your hair stands on end, and it's so much easier to cut," the barber replied.

Like many others, I underestimated Cuba's capacity to resist outside economic and political pressures. In order to survive the 1990s Cuba entered what it called a Special Period, involving massive belt-tightening. The much-vaunted public health and education systems were severely tested but held firm.

It was during those years that I acquired a god-daughter in Havana. As Iris has grown over the years — she is now 13 — the changes in her life, and that of her parents, have been the yardstick by which I measured Cuba's progress. They have had their ups and downs, struggling through the Special Period on state rations and often forced to scrounge on Cuba's rampant black market. They barely scrape by today, living in a three-room home in the back of a falling-down apartment building in Old Havana. They recently were provided with a new state-subsidized Chinese fridge and pressure cooker. I keep them supplied with multivitamins for Iris, who leads an active life, including daily martial arts training

For a time Cuba did loosen up a bit, allowing some private sector small businesses, including family restaurants, bed and breakfasts, barbers, tire changers and vegetable markets. One woodcarver, who has a stall around the corner from the Havana Libre, happily told me he now lives 10 times better than before. He's one of the few contented Cubans I know. But as soon as the economy began to improve in the late 1990s the private enterprise licenses got scarcer, and the island reverted to Fidel's preferred centralized socialist state model.

Ironically, the most enduring changes have come from a long-range plan to upgrade Cuba's crumbling old hotels and build new five-star luxury beach resorts to snare the foreign currency of visitors from the capitalist world. These days the police don't bother them, and Cuba has a deserved reputation as one of the safest tourist destinations in the world.

It took a while for tourism to take hold, but Cuba now receives up to 2-million tourists annually. The Varadero beach hotel strip is especially popular with Canadians. Last week I met members of a 36-strong Canadian wedding party. They had a hard time understanding why there were no Americans. "I know there's an embargo, but can't they just sneak in?" one of the Canadians asked me.

Much of the colonial heart of the city has been restored, complete with all of Ernest Hemingway's old haunts. Work has even begun to restore Sloppy Joe's, the famous bar near Havana's Central Park a few blocks from the old office of the Bacardi rum company.

On the other hand, Cuba's housing stock remains in a decrepit state, and on each visit I lament the absence, like missing teeth, of buildings that have collapsed from neglect.

Today Cuba still depends on foreign imports for much of its food, but there is far more variety available in hotels and on the street. The Havana Libre, where I still opt to stay, offers excellent omelets for breakfast. Now the juice comes from oranges and grapefruit grown in Cuba.

But the diet of ordinary Cubans has not gotten any better. If anything it has worsened, due to the perennial scarcity of milk and other essential food items.

At least Cubans now have a far better idea of the rest of the world. Cuban state TV bears no resemblance to the 1980s, and now features a daily diet of Hollywood movies, from Jean-Claude Van Damme to Jimmy Stewart.

Tourism has also forced Cuba to reacquaint itself with capitalist ways, and an economy where some — those with the best jobs — are more equal than others.

The 1998 election of a left-leaning former military officer, Hugo Chavez, as president of Venezuela, gave Cuba a new lifeline. Another Soviet-style barter trade deal — this time doctors and physical trainers in return for oil — injects billions into the Cuban economy, more than covering a $6.2-billion foreign trade deficit.

Like most reporters I have occasionally fallen afoul of the Cuban government's idea of media objectivity. My main sin, I was told, was being too eager to predict the end of the revolution after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

I was blacklisted in the 1990s for several years and was even deported on one visit in 1998. But I was eventually welcomed back, and this year I made four trips to the island, equalling my annual record. Occasionally I get reminders of the revolution's old habits. A friend last week told me that our relationship had not gone unnoticed by a state security official who lives in his building. Didn't he know that American reporters were "the enemy," my friend was asked.

While that kind of Cold War mentality may still exist, I can't help feeling it's on the wane. Illness has obliged Fidel to take a back seat, and his more pragmatic brother, Raul Castro, is now in charge. As Cuba's communist leaders await another U.S. president — the 11th since 1959 — there is for the first time in decades a real air of expectation of improved relations across the Florida Straits, and an end perhaps to Washington's 46-year-old embargo.

Some older Cubans I know find themselves pondering the sacrifices of 50 years of standing up to the United States. Manuel Barrios, a retired lawyer I met in Pinar del Rio last week, told me of how he met Fidel at the university and joined the revolution in the 1950s. Now 85, he runs a small two-room bed and breakfast with his wife and enjoys conversing with foreigners.

"I will go to my grave committed to the revolution," he said.

Today Barrios walks with a cane and is losing his sight. "You should have seen me back in the old days. I was very radical," he chuckled.

But times change and as his generation fades, he expects Cuba will likely change, too.

"I don't have a problem with that," he said softly.

David Adams can be reached at dadams@sptimes.com.


[Last modified: Dec 26, 2008 10:16 PM]

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PREVIEW: Cuban Revolution survives 50 years despite changing world revolution is January 1
Americas Features

Dec 29, 2008, 11:30 GMT


Havana - Collapsed political systems, presidents who came and went, wars and attacks, broken alliances, rebuilt countries - 50 years of history unrolled across Latin America.

Yet Cuba and its revolutionary tradition have survived all of this, standing by its socialist continuity in the face of historical change.

Nothing is as it was on that January 1, 1959, when the fighters led by the young, bearded Fidel Castro made their triumphal entrance into the south-eastern city of Santiago de Cuba, proclaiming the victory of a revolution that was not yet socialist and that was later to gain a global clout out of proportion for such a small Caribbean island.

The previous night, dictator Fulgencio Batista had fled for the United States, leaving the island to the rebels. The young revolutionaries were planning to rebuild the whole system, but few would have imagined that their work would still be standing, albeit on somewhat shaky legs, 50 years later.

Complete victory came just eight days later: Fidel Castro entered Havana, dressed in the green fatigues which had already become a trademark of the revolutionaries.

His brother Raul, another constant of the Cuban Revolution, missed the victory photograph because he had stayed in Santiago. And so did the Argentine-born Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, a rebel mythological figure who lives on to this day in legend.

Others were on the picture, like Huber Matos, but revolutionary history was later to erase them from its ranks because they did not fit the socialist ideal that was rising to prominence.

Indeed, many - like Matos, who served 20 years in prison in Cuba before going into exile - stress that socialism was not the plan when they took up arms in 1956, when 82 fighters led by Fidel Castro arrived in Cuba from Mexico on a yacht named Granma for the definitive assault on the Batista regime.

The 'socialist character' of the revolution was officially proclaimed two years after the triumph - and after several attacks that Cuba blamed on the United States - on April 16, 1961.

'This is the socialist and democratic revolution of the humble, by the humble, for the humble,' Castro said.

He thus cleared any doubts about his progressive rapprochement with the Soviet Union, which was seeking a foothold in the western hemisphere.

One day later, on April 17, 1961, the new revolutionary Cuba was getting ready for its first victory against 'empire,' the word used to describe the United States: in just 72 hours, the island repelled the arrival in Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs) of 1,500 organized anti- Castro activists supported by the CIA, most of whom were arrested.

Bad relations with the United States were sealed in that moment forever, or at least for the decades since then.

In January 1962, at the request of Washington, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States (OAS). And a month later US president John F Kennedy ordered an embargo that persists to this day and which Cuba claims has cost the island close to 100 billion dollars.

In October that year, the world watched in anguish as the Cuban missile crisis unfolded and brought the world to the brink of war: The Soviet Union had started to install on the island nuclear missiles aimed at the United States.

Under threat of a sea blockade and under extreme international pressure, the Soviets removed the weapons without consulting Cuba. This annoyed Fidel Castro, but that would not stop the Soviet Union from being the island's main support for the decades to come, until its collapse in 1989.

Over those decades, Cuba carried out an 'internationalist campaign.'

This had a military angle. Cuba participated in conflicts in Algeria, Congo, Angola and Latin America. Che died in October 1967 during his campaign in Bolivia.

It also had a medical side, with the deployment of thousands of Cuban doctors all over the Third World that has earned Havana the recognition of many other countries.

The collapse of the Soviet bloc threw Cuba into a profound crisis in the 1990s. The phase, which Havana termed the 'special period,' did not, as many hoped, bring down the Cuban regime. However, it did leave serious scars, particularly with regard to corruption and the 'double standards' that the authorities continue to recognize as one of their main problems.

However, neither the collapse of the Soviet Union nor the transformation of China and Vietnam into socialist countries with market economies, nor the passage of 10 presidents through the White House - all with their plans against the Cuban regime - have brought Havana to drastically change its course.

Neither has the growing distance of intellectuals around the world from Cuban counterparts, nor the departure of hundreds of thousands of Cubans who have fled the island. More than 2 million now live abroad, and more than 11 million remain behind.

On July 31, 2006, many believed that change was finally about to take place: Fidel Castro astonished the world by delegating power to his brother Raul due to an unspecified illness. A year and a half later, in February 2008, Fidel Castro definitively gave up the presidency.

Raul Castro did make some 'changes.' He lifted restrictions on Cubans to lodge in luxury hotels on the island or to have cellphones, and redistributed some idle land, for example, although many other topics were pending, including the elimination of restrictions on travel and the double currency that Cubans have to use to their detriment.

In political terms, Cuba recently signed two international human rights treaties - although they are yet to be ratified - and fixed its relations with Mexico, Brazil and the European Union, among others.

However, as regards ideology, Raul Castro has made clear his intention to persist on the socialist course delineated by his historic brother.

As has repeatedly been the case over the past two and a half years, the presence of Fidel Castro in the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution - set to take place in Santiago de Cuba - remained uncertain.

CNN Report - Bush is Unpopular

By Paul Steinhauser
CNN Deputy Political Director


(CNN) -- A new national poll suggests that three out of four Americans feel President Bush's departure from office is coming not a moment too soon.
Twenty-eight percent of those polled say President Bush is the worst president in U.S. history.

Twenty-eight percent of those polled say President Bush is the worst president in U.S. history.

Seventy-five percent of those questioned in a CNN/Opinion Research Corp. survey released Friday said they're glad Bush is going; 23 percent indicated they'll miss him.

"Earlier this year, Bush scored some of the lowest presidential approval ratings we've seen in half a century, so it's understandable that the public is eager for a new president to step in," said Keating Holland, CNN polling director.

CNN senior political analyst Bill Schneider added, "As President Bush prepares to leave office, the American public has a parting thought: Good riddance. At least that's the way three-quarters feel." Video Watch how Bush's farewell polls compare »

The portion who say they won't miss Bush is 24 percentage points higher than the 51 percent who said they wouldn't miss President Bill Clinton when he left office in January 2001. Forty-five percent of those questioned at that time said they would miss Clinton.

The poll indicates that Bush compares poorly with his presidential predecessors, with 28 percent saying that he's the worst ever. Forty percent rate Bush's presidency as poor, and 31 percent say he's been a good president.

Only a third of those polled said they want Bush to remain active in public life after he leaves the White House. That 33 percent figure is 22 points lower than those in 2001 who wanted Bill Clinton to retain a public role.

"It's been like a failed marriage," Schneider said.

"Things started out well. When President Bush first took office in 2001, more than 60 percent saw him as strong and decisive. That impression was confirmed after the September 11th attacks. The public still saw Bush as strong and decisive when he took office a second time in 2005.

"But no more. The public has completely lost confidence in this president," Schneider said.

Bush has dropped on a number of measures, but possibly the biggest is that only 20 percent say he inspires confidence, Holland said.

"That's an important figure when the country is facing its biggest economic crisis in a generation," he added.

When running for the White House in the 2000 presidential campaign, Bush promised to be a uniter and not a divider. But 82 percent of poll respondents felt that Bush did not unite the country, compared with 17 percent who said he did.

"The vast majority of Americans believe he betrayed his promise to unite the country," Schneider said. "He took a country that was divided under President Clinton and he divided it worse."

Only 27 percent of those questioned in the poll approve of the way Bush is handling his job as president; 72 percent disapprove.
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"President Bush's job approval rating has been at or below freezing since the beginning of the year," Schneider said. "The current 27 percent approval rating is one of the lowest ratings for any president, ever."

The CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll was conducted December 19-21, with 1,013 adult Americans questioned by telephone. The survey's sampling error is plus or minus 3 percentage points.

Associated Press : A look at economic developments around the world

A look at economic developments around the world

By The Associated Press – 8 hours ago

A look at economic developments and stock-market activity around the world Friday:

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TOKYO — Japan's contracting economy is facing a slew of bad news as government figures showed that industrial production plunged by its biggest margin on record in November, the nation's jobless rate jumped and household spending fell. Manufacturing output tumbled 8.1 percent from October, the largest drop since Tokyo began measuring such data in 1953, as Japan's automakers and others slashed production to cope with slowing global demand. The unemployment rate rose to 3.9 percent in November from 3.7 percent in October — still below the 4.2 percent reached in August. Consumers are also holding back. Retail sales fell 0.9 percent in November from last year, the third straight monthly decline. And average monthly household spending dipped 0.5 percent from a year earlier — the ninth decline in a row. Meanwhile, the benchmark Nikkei 225 stock average increased 140.02 yen, or 1.63 percent, to 8,739.52. The broader Topix index edged up 1.26 percent to 846.58. Trading volume was thin as foreign investors were absent from the market due to Christmas holidays.

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MOSCOW — Russia's ruble fell to a three-year low against the dollar after the Central Bank allowed the third sharp drop in the currency within five days as the government continues to feel the heat of the global meltdown. The ruble lost 1.4 percent on the MICEX main foreign currency exchange by 2 p.m. Moscow time (1000 GMT) to reach 34.3 against the euro-dollar basket. It sank to 29 against the dollar — a level that hasn't been seen since 2005 — and 40.8 against the euro — an all-time low. The Central Bank set the official exchange rates for the dollar and euro in line with trading quotes. The depreciation was the 11th since Nov. 11, when the supervised slide began.

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BEIJING — The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index edged down 0.9 point, or just 0.05 percent, to 1,851.52. The Shenzhen Composite Index of China's second, smaller market fell 0.6 percent to 569.38. The Shanghai index gave up 8.3 percent for the week as investors reckoned with a slew of bad economic news and expectations for lower earnings in the current and next quarters. Elsewhere in Asia, Taiwan's benchmark also gained. South Korea's Kospi fell 0.9 percent to 1,117.86, while India's main stock index traded lower.

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SINGAPORE — Manufacturing and tourism in the city-state fell in November from a year earlier, more evidence the economy likely extended a recession in the fourth quarter. Industrial production dropped 7.5 percent in November following a 12 percent plunge in October. Electronics, which account for 30 percent of industrial production, fell 19 percent. Also, tourist arrivals to Singapore dropped to 760,000, or 9.7 percent, last month. The Singapore Tourism Board said it now expects to fall short of its 2008 goals of 10.8 million visitors and tourism revenue of 15.5 Singapore dollars ($10.7 billion).

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BANGKOK, Thailand — Thailand's prime minister said the government wants to spend 300 billion baht ($8.7 billion) next year to jumpstart the country's ailing economy. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said the economic stimulus package would include increased lending from government banks for agriculture projects and direct lending to local governments for infrastructure projects. The plan must first be approved by Parliament, where the PM's coalition has a slim majority.

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QUITO, Ecuador — Fresh from a $30.6 million default, Ecuador's government issued $700 million in new bonds to help finance next year's budget, local media reported Thursday. The Ecuadorean Social Security Institute bought all the new bonds, in line with regulations that require it to invest half its funds in government debt, according to the Guayaquil newspapers El Universo and Expreso.

Hong Kong and Australian markets were closed, as were those in Britain, Germany and France.

Friday, December 26, 2008

Jakarta Post Article / Letter to TV3


Aerial View of Johor - Singapore Causeway by Google

Malacca-Sumatera bridge needs further studies

The Jakarta Post , Jakarta | Wed, 12/24/2008 11:12 AM | National
Deputy Malaysian prime minister Najib Tun Razak on Wednesday said the suggestion to construct a bridge between Malacca and Sumatra would need more comprehensive studies.

One of the areas that needed further study, Razak said, would be the cost of construction, quoted in the local press to be at least US$11 billion.

Malaccan governor Mohammad Ali said the 52km-bridge would be the longest in the world, and would benefit both regions' economies, kompas.com reported Tuesday.

"We need to study the initiative carefully and then suggest the plan to both governments. We need to see if the budget is acceptable to both parties and estimate how much profit would be generated (from the bridge)," he said.

The project initiators are currently looking for foreign investors to finance the massive bridge, Ali said.

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I sent an email to TV3 with the following information :
My comments :

As though he has run out of ideas, Ali Rustam's Malacca / Sumatera bridge proposal will wreck the Malaysian economy in no time at all. It would be better to revive the Mahathir Causeway project at any given choice.

I personally feel that it is better to build the fastest Kuala Lumpur - Malacca City train similar to the ERL that plies between KL Sentral and KLIA. The terminal from KLIA can continue south to Malacca from there.
In that sense, the MSC development will be further enhanced. There is no need to see traffic jams during the annual Hari Raya balik kampung syndrome. Tourists and students can use the train without much hassle . Singaporeans can travel to KL more conveniently too in huge numbers thus reducing the number of vehicles along the highway.In other words we need quality tourists and visitors not ********* and ********.

Why built a bridge ( to Sumatera ) when there is no surety of profits and project viability ? Sometimes when our leaders think out of the box, they also stumble into the water ( in the Melaka Straits lah). And if ever another tsunami strike again it will be the costliest bridge ever destroyed.
Spending US 11 billion is no joke.No wonder the opposition are always after our government.

Thursday, December 25, 2008

Newsweek 50 Global Elite List 2009

1: Barack Obama
2: Hu Jintao
3: Nicolas Sarkozy
4-5-6: Economic Triumvirate
7: Gordon Brown
8: Angela Merkel
9: Vladimir Putin
10: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud
11: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
12: Kim Jong Il
13-14: The Clintons
15: Timothy Geithner
16: Gen. David Petraeus
17: Sonia Gandhi
18: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
19: Warren Buffett
20: Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
21: Nuri al-Maliki
22-23: The Philanthropists
24: Nancy Pelosi
25: Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
26: Mike Duke
27: Rahm Emanuel
28: Eric Schmidt
29: Jamie Dimon
30-31: Friends of Barack
32: Dominique Strauss-Kahn
33: Rex Tillerson
34: Steve Jobs
35: John Lasseter
36: Michael Bloomberg
37: Pope Benedict XVI
38: Katsuaki Watanabe
39: Rupert Murdoch
40: Jeff Bezos
41: Shahrukh Khan
42: Osama bin Laden
43: Hassan Nasrallah
44: Dr. Margaret Chan
45: Carlos Slim Helú
46: The Dalai Lama
47: Oprah Winfrey
48: Amr Khaled
49: E. A. Adeboye
50: Jim Rogers

Islam is the fastest growing and the second largest religion in the world.

Among every four humans in the world, one of them is Muslim. Muslims have increased by over 235 percent in the last fifty years up to nearly 1.6 billion. By comparison, Christians have increased by 47 percent, Hinduism by 117 percent, and Buddhism by 63 percent. Islam is the second largest religious group in France, Great Britain and USA.

Islam is the fastest growing and the second largest religion in the world.
Source: http://islamicweb.com/begin/results.htm

Similarities between Jews and Muslims


Similarities between Jews and Muslims

1. We worship the same God
2. We are descendents of Abraham
3. Our Males are circumcised according to Abrahamic law
4. Both cultures are of Semitic origin
5. Jerusalem is our Holy City
6. We stress good works over faith.
7. We share many advances in medicine; philosophy; law; literature and poetry.
8. There are extremists and peacemakers on both sides.


Similarities over differences


Much has been written about the differences between Jews and Muslims: a lot less about the similarities between us.

Jews, Muslims and Christians have a lot more in common than we care to sometimes admit.

We share belief in the same one God.
The originator of our religions and cultures is
the same person: Abraham.
Jews, Muslims and Christians - are regarded as Abrahamic religions.
We share one same holy place: The Temple Mount (the Rock) is where Abraham brought his son to sacrifice him. Adam was buried there. Solomon built a great temple there. Jesus prayed there. Mohammad ascended there. (Source: Bruce Feiler Abraham)

There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism. As Islam developed it gradually became the major religion closest to Judaism. As opposed to Christianity which originated from interaction between ancient Greek and Hebrew cultures, Judaism is similar to Islam in its fundamental religious outlook, structure, jurisprudence and practice. (Source: http://rabbidavidrosen.net/)

There are many traditions within Islam originating from traditions within the Hebrew Bible or from post-biblical Jewish traditions. These practices are known collectively as the Isra'iliyat. (Source: http://post.queensu.ca/~jjl/islam.html

Arabs in Israel


20% of today's Israeli population is Muslim. The inhabitants live together with their Jewish counterparts peacefully. The majority of Muslim citizens of Israel are descendants of the 150,000 Palestinian Arabs who remained within the State of Israel after the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Many Arab citizens of Israel have continued to identify themselves as Palestinian and hold ties to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as to residents of occupied East Jerusalem, annexed by Israel in 1980. (Source: Question of Palestine: Jerusalem. United Nations. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/index.html)

Steps forward - Jews In Iran

Iran contains the most number of Jews among Muslim countries and Uzbekistan and Turkey have the next ranks. Iran's Jewish community is officially recognized as a religious minority group by the government, and they are allocated one seat in the Iranian Parliament. Maurice Motamed has been the Jewish MP since 2000, and was re-elected again in 2004. In 2000, former Jewish MP Manuchehr Eliasi estimated that at that time there were still 30-35,000 Jews in Iran, other sources put the figure as low as 20-25,000. (Source: Bahá'í Association http://www.uga.edu/bahai/News/021600.html)

Muslim Israeli Cabinet Minister


On January 28th, 2007 the Israeli government has voted to appoint its first-ever Muslim cabinet minister. The Labour Party's Galeb Magadla becomes minister without portfolio in the coalition government of Ehud Olmert, the prime minister. Magadla told Israeli Army Radio following the vote that the move would help Israel's Arab citizens identify more strongly with the Jewish state. He said: "The first step has been taken and this has given Israeli Arabs a feeling of belonging." (Source: aljazeera.net)

Holy scripture


Islam and Judaism share the idea of a revealed Scripture. Even though they differ over the precise text and its interpretations, the Hebrew Torah and the Muslim Qur'an share a lot of narrative as well as injunctions. From this, they share many other fundamental religious concepts such as the belief in a day of Divine Judgment as well as believing in the afterlife, Heaven and Hell.

Muslims commonly refer to Jews (and Christians) as fellow "People of the Book": people who follow the same general teachings in relation to the worship of the one God worshipped by Abraham.

As Islam developed it became, by far, the major religion closest to Judaism.

Religious law

Judaism and Islam are unique in having systems of religious law based on oral tradition which can over-ride the written laws and which does not distinguish between holy and secular spheres. In Islam the laws are called Sharia, In Judaism they are known as Halakha. Both Judaism and Islam consider the study the study of religious law to be a form of worship and an end in itself. (Source: Encyclopedia Judaica)

The most obvious common practice is the statement of the absolute unity of God which Muslims observe in their five times daily prayers (Salah), and Jews state at least twice (Shema Yisrael). The two Faiths also share the central practices of fasting and charity, as well as dietary laws and other aspects of ritual purity.

Judaism and Islam have strict dietary laws, with lawful food being called Kosher in Judaism and Halal in Islam. Both religions prohibit the consumption of pork. Halal restrictions can be seen as a subset of the Kashrut dietary laws, so many kosher foods are considered halal; especially in the case of meat, which Islam prescribes must be slaughtered in the name of God.

Both Judaism and Islam have a generally negative stance on homosexuality and on human sexuality outside of marriage. Both prescribe circumcision for males as a symbol of dedication to the religion.
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Judaism#_note-10)

Jewish Origins

Judaism's origins-along with those of the ancestral Abrahamic religion-are obscure. The only source generally agreed by all to be canonical that bears on that question is the Genesis book of the Hebrew Bible, which according to Rabbinic tradition was written by G-d and received by Moses after the Exodus from Egypt, sometime in the 2nd millennium BCE. According to Genesis, the principles of Judaism were revealed gradually to a line of patriarchs from Adam to Jacob (also called Israel); however the Judaic religion was only established when Moses received the Commandments on Mount Sinai, and with the organization of its priesthood and institution of its temple services.

All the Abrahamic religions are related to or even derived from Judaism as practiced in ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah prior to the Babylonian Exile, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE.

Beginning in 7th century CE

Islam originated in the 7th century, in the Arabian cities of Mecca and Medina. Although not a dissident branch of either Judaism or Christianity, Muslims believe it to be a continuation and replacement for them.

The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. Because Islam and Judaism share a common origin in the Middle East through Abraham, both are considered Abrahamic religions. There are many shared aspects between Judaism and Islam. Because of this, as well as through the influence of Muslim culture and philosophy on practitioners of Judaism within the Islamic world, there has been considerable and continued physical, theological, and political overlap between the two faiths in the subsequent 1,400 years.

Semites


Ancient Hebrew and Arab people are generally classified as Semitic peoples, a concept derived from Biblical accounts of the origins of the cultures known to the ancient Hebrews. Those closest to them in culture and language were generally deemed to be descended from their forefather Shem. Enemies were often said to be descendants of his cursed brother Ham. Due to the similarities between Hebrew and Arabic as Semitic languages, many Muslim and Jewish terms are similar including the words for peace: salam and shalom. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Judaism#_note-6)

Muhammad


According to Islamic holy texts, Muhammad preached that the pagan Arabs should abandon polytheism and accept Abrahamic monotheism, the belief in the one God. The Qur'an states that Muhammad's teachings were the completion of revelations given to prophets throughout the ages. Islam has taken many traits from Judaism (as well as Christianity), such as common prophets who are revered in both faiths such as Moses and Abraham.

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are known as "Abrahamic religions". The firstborn son of Abraham, Ishmael, Muslims consider Father of the Arabs. Abraham's second son Isaac is called Father of the Hebrews. In the Jewish tradition Abraham is called Avraham Avinu or "Abraham, our Father". For Muslims, he is a prophet of Islam and the ancestor of Muhammad through Ishmael.

Islam affirms that Moses (Musa) was given a revelation, the Torah, which Muslims call Tawrat in Arabic, and believed to be the word of God (Allah). However, they also believe that this original revelation was modified over time by certain scribes and preachers. According to Islamic belief, the present Jewish scriptures were no longer the original divine revelations given to Moses. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the final revelation from God and a completion of the previous revelations.

Middle Ages

Jews have often lived in predominantly Islamic nations. During the Middle Ages as the Islamic state expanded out of the Arabian Peninsula, large numbers of Jews came under Muslim rule. There was general improvement in the conditions of Jews as Islamic law commands that Jews should be judged by Jewish laws, and that synagogues are to be protected. In the Iberian Peninsula, under Muslim rule, Jews were able to make great advances in mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, chemistry and philology. (Source: Cowling (2005), p. 265)

Medieval Islamic civilization developed into its most productive period between the years 900 and 1200, and Jewish civilization in the Islamic world followed suit. During this period, some of the greatest works of Jewish philosophy, grammar, law, philology, and lexicography were written, in parallel with great advances in these fields in the Islamic world.

Jewish poetry in Hebrew found a renaissance during this period as well, and its meters, styles, and contents parallel those of its Muslim Arabic counterpart. Nowhere was this more pronounced than in Spain, where Jewish civilization flourished along with the flowering of the Islamic and secular sciences and culture throughout the region, known in Arabic as al-Andalus.

The relatively open society of al-Andalus was reversed and then ended by the coming of North African armies to help defend against the Spanish Christians, who were pushing the Muslims southward from their strongholds in the north. Jews were highly restricted under the Islamist Berber regimes and eventually began moving northward to newly conquered Christian areas where, for the time being, they were treated better. (Source: http://rabbidavidrosen.net/)

The Ottoman Empire had served as a refuge for Jews who had been expelled from Western Europe, especially after the fall of Muslim Spain in 1492. This was also the case for the Maghreb in North Africa, where a Jewish quarter (Mellah), was installed in most large Arabian cities. At the time Jews were driven out of Western Europe fleeing the Christian Inquisition, most notably the Alhambra decree. The Alhambra Decree was issued in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon), following the final triumph over the Moors after the fall of Granada. The decree ordered the expulsion of all Jews from Spain and its territories and possessions by July 31, 1492 (Tisha B'Av).

Philosophy


The 12th century saw the apotheosis of pure philosophy. This supreme exaltation of philosophy was due, in great measure, to Ghazali (1058-1111) among the Arabs, and to Judah ha-Levi (1140) among the Jews. Like Ghazali, Judah ha-Levi took upon himself to free religion from the shackles of speculative philosophy, and to this end wrote the Kuzari, in which he sought to discredit all schools of philosophy alike.

The Jewish philosopher Maimonides endeavored to harmonize the philosophy of Aristotle with Judaism; and to this end he composed his immortal work, Dalalat al-airin (Guide for the Perplexed)-known better under its Hebrew title Moreh Nevuchim-which served for many centuries as the subject of discussion and comment by Jewish thinkers.

The Arab philosopher Ibn Roshd (Averroes), the contemporary and tutor of Maimonides, closes the philosophical era of the Arabs. The boldness of this great commentator of Aristotle aroused the full fury of the orthodox.

Driven from the Arabian schools, Arabic philosophy found a refuge with the Jews, to whom belongs the honor of having transmitted it to the Christian world. A series of eminent men-such as the Tibbons, Narboni, and Gersonides-joined in translating the Arabic philosophical works into Hebrew and commenting upon them. The works of Ibn Roshd especially became the subject of their study, due in great measure to Maimonides, who, in a letter addressed to his pupil Joseph ibn Aknin, spoke in the highest terms of Ibn Roshd's commentary.

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